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    34. Metternich,Aus Metternichs nachgelassenen Papieren, 1:33, 8:184.
    35. Algernon Cecil,Metternich, 1773ndash;1859 (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1947), 52.
    36. Metternich,Aus Metternichs nachgelassenen Papieren, 1:334.
    37.Briefwechsel des Generals Leopold von Gerlach mit dem Bundestags-Gesandten Otto von Bismarck(Berlin, 1893), 334.
    38. Ibid. (February 20, 1854), 130.
    39. Horst Kohl,Die politischen Reden des Fursten Bismarck (Stuttgart, 1892), 264.
    40. Bismarck,Die gesammelten Werke (November 14, 1833), vol. 14,nos. 1, 3.
    41. Ibid. (September 29, 1851), 1:62.
    42. Speech of February 9, 1871, in Hansard,Parliamentary Debates,ser. 3, vol. 204 (Februaryndash;March 1871), 82.
    43. 与此形成鲜明对照的是，为普鲁士赢得统一德国的战争的战略家老毛奇当时曾计划在两条战线上采取守势。
    44. For stimulating accounts of these developments, see Christopher Clark,The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: HarperCollins, 2013) and Margaret MacMillan,The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (New York: Random House, 2013).
    45. See John Maynard Keynes,The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1920), Chapter 5.
    46. See Chapters 6 and 7.
    第三章 伊斯兰主义和中东：世界乱局
    1. Adda B. Bozeman, Iran: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Tradition of Persian Statecraft,Orbis 23, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 397.
    2. See Hugh Kennedy,The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In(London: Weidenfeld amp; Nicholson,2007), 34ndash;40.
    3. Kennedy,Great Arab Conquests, 113.
    4. See generally Marshall G. S. Hodgson,The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 1,The Classical Age of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
    5. Majid Khadduri,The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybanis Siyar (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 13.
    6. Majid Khadduri,War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955), 56. See also Kennedy,Great Arab Conquests,48ndash;51; Bernard Lewis,The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 233ndash;38.
    7. 民主制和人权推动了人们为实现全球变革采取行动。在此意义上，事实证明它们的内涵和适用性比跟在军队后面迫使他人皈依的宗教教义更灵活。毕竟不同国家人民的民主意愿可以带来极其不同的结果。
    8. Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul,International Treaties (Mu had t)in Islam: Theory and Practice in the Light of Islamic International Law(Siyar)According to Orthodox Schools (Lanham,Md.: University Press of America,2008), 117.
    9. Khadduri,Islamic Law of Nations, 12.See also Bsoul,International Treaties,108ndash;9.
    10. See James Piscatori, Islam in the International Order, inThe Expansion of International Society, ed. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 318ndash;19; Lewis,Middle East, 305; Olivier Roy,Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 112 (on contemporary Islamist views); Efraim Karsh,Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006), 230ndash;31. But see Khadduri,War and Peace in the Law of Islam, 156ndash;57 (on the traditional conditions under which territory captured by non-Muslims might revert to being part ofdar al-harb).
    11. An analysis of this schism and its modern implications may be found in Vali Nasr,The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006).
    12. Brendan Simms,Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy from 1453 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 9ndash;10; Black,History of Islamic Political Thought, 206ndash;7.
    13. 在英语里它们被误称为降书，不是因为奥斯曼帝国在任何一点上屈从了，而是因为这些文件被分为章节或条款（拉丁文是capitula）。
    14. 1526年2月，苏莱曼答复法国的弗朗西斯。Roger Bigelow Merriman, Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520ndash;1566 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1944), 130. See also Halil Inalcik, The Turkish Impact on the Development of Modern Europe, in The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History, ed. Kemal H. Karpat (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974), 51ndash;53; Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (New York: Penguin Books, 1955), 152.大约500年后，在一段双边关系紧张时期，土耳其总理埃尔多安出于礼节送给法国总统萨科齐一份这封信的复印件，但抱怨说：我觉得他没看这封信。Todays Zaman, December 23, 2011.
    15. 1853年，据说俄国沙皇尼古拉一世告诉英国大使：我们手上有一个病夫，一个病得很重的人。如果有一天他从我们手中溜走了，尤其是在尚未做出必要安排之前，那可就麻烦大了。Harold Temperley, England and the Near East (London: Longmans, Green,1936), 272.
    16. Sultan Mehmed-Rashad,Proclamation, and Sheik-ulIslam, Fetva, inSource Records of the Great War, ed. Charles F. Horne and Walter F. Austin (Indianapolis: American Legion, 1930), 2:398ndash;401. See also Hew Strachan,The First World War (New York: Viking, 2003), 100ndash;101.
    17. Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, November 2, 1917, in Malcolm Yapp,The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792ndash;1923 (Harlow: Longmans, Green), 290.
    18. See Erez Manela,The Wilsonian Moment:Self- Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism,1917ndash;1920(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
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